The ajaeng is a traditional Korean bowed string instrument known for its low, deep, and powerful tone. It is unique among Korean string instruments because it is played with a bow, similar to the haegeum, but it has a larger body and thicker strings, which produce a richer and more resonant sound. The ajaeng plays a key role in traditional court music, folk music, and modern compositions, often serving as the bass foundation in Korean orchestras.
The instrument is shaped like a long rectangular box, similar in appearance to the gayageum, but with distinct structural differences. The soundboard is made from paulownia wood, while the back plate is typically crafted from hardwood such as chestnut. Strings are made of silk, and small bridges called anjeok raise the strings above the body. A special device called a butdeul holds the string tension. The bow is traditionally made of horsehair, with rosin applied to create friction for sound production. The ajaeng is played seated, with the instrument laid flat and slightly angled, while the player uses the right hand to bow and the left hand to press or vibrate the strings.
There are two main types of ajaeng: the jeongak ajaeng and the sanjo ajaeng. The jeongak version is larger and is used in court music and refined ensemble settings, producing slow, majestic tones. The sanjo ajaeng, developed in the early 20th century, is smaller and more agile, allowing for faster, expressive techniques needed in folk genres such as sanjo, sinawi, and minyo. Some modern performers even use a Western cello bow to play sanjo ajaeng, enabling smoother and softer articulation.
Historically, the ajaeng is believed to have been introduced from China during the Goryeo Dynasty, originally used for Tang-style music (dangak). By the Joseon Dynasty, it became more integrated into Korean native music (hyangak). Over time, it evolved in structure and style to meet the demands of both classical and folk traditions. Today, it continues to thrive in creative Korean orchestral works, film scores, and fusion projects.
The ajaeng may be less known than other Korean instruments, but its emotional depth, bass power, and expressive range make it a vital voice in traditional and modern Korean music alike.
360º VR of Ajaeng Sanjo (Yoon Yoon-seok style), performed by Yoon Seo-kyung and Jung Jun-ho
Source: National Gugak Center
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