The World of Samulnori: Korea’s Traditional Percussion Quartet

 Samulnori is one of Korea’s most iconic forms of traditional percussion music. Performed with four distinct instruments—kkwaenggwari, jing, janggu, and buk—this powerful ensemble brings the rhythms of Korean folk culture to life through sound alone.

Origins of Samulnori

Samulnori began in 1978 with a group of four master musicians: Kim Duk-soo, Kim Yong-bae, Lee Kwang-soo, and Choi Jong-sil. They selected four core percussion instruments from nongak (Korean farmers’ music) and reimagined them for seated stage performances. This marked the birth of a new musical genre rooted in tradition but adapted for indoor concerts.

The word "samul" means "four objects," and "nori" means "to play." Traditionally, samul referred to four Buddhist ritual instruments, but in folk music, it now represents the four instruments of Samulnori.

The Four Instruments

Kkwaenggwari (Small Gong)

• A small, handheld brass gong.

• Produces a sharp and piercing sound.

• Leads the ensemble and signals changes in rhythm or mood.

• Often compared to lightning or thunder.

Jing (Large Gong)

• A large brass gong played with a padded mallet.

• Has a deep and mellow tone.

• Used to create contrast and signal transitions.

• Evokes the image of wind or summer air.

Janggu (Hourglass Drum)

• An hourglass-shaped drum with two heads.

• Played with both hands using sticks or palms.

• Produces a variety of rhythms, from delicate to lively.

• Represents rain or the fall season.

Buk (Barrel Drum)

• A large, round drum played with a stick.

• Has a heavy and solid sound.

• Keeps the overall tempo and anchors the rhythm.

• Symbolizes clouds or the winter season.

Each instrument mirrors elements of nature—thunder, wind, rain, and clouds—and together they reflect the Korean philosophy of balance and harmony.

The Musical Style

Samulnori is typically performed seated, focusing purely on music rather than dance. The performance follows traditional regional rhythms such as Utdari, Yeongnam, or Honam-udo. The tempo often begins slowly and gradually speeds up, creating waves of tension and release. This dynamic build-up gives Samulnori its unique intensity and excitement.

Tradition in Motion

Samulnori may be based on folk roots, but its musical complexity and vibrant energy continue to captivate audiences around the world. With just four instruments, it tells stories of nature, rhythm, and community. Simple yet profound, Samulnori is a living expression of Korea’s rhythmic soul.

[KBS Jeonju] Concert Nabilela – Kim Duk-soo Samulnori: Samdo Nongak Rhythm

Experience a thrilling performance of “Samdo Nongak Rhythm” by the legendary Kim Duk-soo Samulnori troupe, filmed for the KBS Jeonju Concert Nabilela series.

360º VR Video: Samulnori Instrument Introduction – National Gugak Center Namdo Branch

Step into the world of Samulnori, Korea’s traditional percussion ensemble, through this immersive 360º VR experience

This video introduces the four core instruments of Samulnori:

• Kkwaenggwari (small gong, 꽹과리): played by Lee Jun-woo

• Buk (barrel drum, 북): played by Han Jae-seok

• Jing (large gong, 징): played by Han Sang-wook

• Janggu (hourglass drum, 장구): played by Lee Jeong-woo

Enjoy the vivid sounds and dynamic rhythms of each instrument, captured from every angle. Feel like you're sitting right among the performers and experiencing the true spirit of Korean percussion music.

Source: National Gugak Center